Republic of Indonesia is an archipelago known as the
Archipelago Islands (AP), which lies between the land of Southeast Asia and
Australia and between Hindi Ocean and Pacific Ocean. Bersempadankan Indonesia
Malaysia on Borneo, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East
Timor / Timor Leste on the island of Timor.
prehistoric
Geologically, the area of modern
Indonesia appeared roughly around the Pleistocene when it was still connected
to mainland Asia. The first settlers of the region is known is that during the
human Java around 500,000 years ago. The Indonesian archipelago as it
exists today was formed during the melting of the ice after the end of the Ice
Age.
Pre-colonial era
Indian scholars have written about Dwipantara or Dwipa
Javanese Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra around 200 BC. Royal master
Tarumanagara West Java around 400. In 425 Buddhism has reached the region.
During the European Renaissance, Java and Sumatra have inherited a civilization
thousands of years old, and along the two great empires that Java's Majapahit
and Srivijaya in Sumatra while the western part of Java island kingdom
Tarumanagara inherit civilization and the Kingdom of Sunda.
Hindu-Buddhist kingdom
In the 4th century until the 7th century in the region of
West Java are patterned Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that followed the royal
Tarumanagara Sunda kingdom until the 16th century. During the 7th century until
the 14th century, Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya in Sumatra growing rapidly. I
Ching Chinese explorers visited the capital of Palembang around the year 670.
At their peak, Srivijaya controlled the area as far as West Java and the Malay
Peninsula. The 14th century also witnessed the rise of a Hindu kingdom in East
Java, Majapahit. Duke of Majapahit between the years 1331 to 1364, Gajah Mada,
succeeded in obtaining power over the territory that is now part of Indonesia
and its magnitude is almost all the Malay Peninsula. Inheritance of the Gajah
Mada, including the codification of law and in Javanese culture, as seen in the
epic Ramayana.
Islamic empire
Islam as a government presence in Indonesia around the 12th
century, but in fact Islam had already entered Indonesia in the 7th century AD.
It was there that cruise lines are crowded and internationally through the
waterway linking the Tang Dynasty in China, the Srivijaya in Southeast Asia and
the Umayyads in West Asia since the 7th century. According to Chinese sources
by the end of the third quarter the 7th century, Arab traders became the leader
of a Muslim Arab settlements on the coast of Sumatra. Islam also gives effect
to the existing political institutions. This is evident in the year 100 H (718
AD) King of Srivijaya named Jambi Srindravarman sent a letter to the Caliph
'Umar ibn' Abdul 'Aziz of the Umayyad Caliphate and asked for a da `i can
explain Islam to him. The letter reads: "From the King of Kings who is a
descendant of a thousand kings, whose wife is also grandson thousand kings, who
in the animal cages are a thousand elephants, which in the region there are two
rivers that irrigate the aloes tree, spices fragrance, nutmeg and lime the delicate
fragrance balls to reach a distance of 12 miles, to the King of Saudi who do
not associate other gods with God.
I have sent you the gift, which is actually a gift that is
not so much, but just a sign of friendship. I want you to send me someone who can
teach Islam to me and explained to me about the laws. "Two years later, in
720 AD, King Srindravarman, which was originally Hindu, Islam. Sriwijaya Jambi
also known as the Islamic Sribuza. Unfortunately, in the year 730 AD Sriwijaya
Sriwijaya Palembang Jambi captured by a still embrace Buddhism.
Mengokoh Islam continues to be an institution that espouses
political Islam. For example, an Islamic sultanate called Sultanate Peureulak
established on 1 Muharram 225H 839M or 12 November of that year. Another example
is the kingdom of Ternate. Islam entered the kingdom in the Maluku islands was
in 1440. Imagine a Muslim king named Ullah.
Islamic Sultanate then semikin spread his teachings to the
people and through assimilation, substituting Hinduism as the main thrust at
the end of the 16th century in Java and Sumatra. Just keep the majority of
Balinese Hindus. On the islands in the east, religion-Christian and Islamic
clergy known to have been active in the 16th century and 17, and currently
there is a large majority of both religions in the islands.
The spread of Islam carried / pushed through trade relations
outside of the archipelago; case, because the preacher was spreading propaganda
or envoys of Islamic government that comes from outside Indonesia, to support
themselves and their families, the preacher's work by way of trade, the
preacher this also spread Islam to the merchants of the natives, to the
traders, embraced Islam and also transmit to the rest of the population, as
most traders and experts kingdom / empire was the first to adopt the new
religion. Sultanate / Kingdom of importance include Pasai Ocean, Sultanate of
Banten which have diplomatic relations with the European countries, the Kingdom
of Mataram in Yogya / Central Java, and the Sultanate of Ternate and Tidore
sultanate in the Moluccas in the east.
Dutch colonization
Beginning in 1602 the Dutch gradually became ruler of what
is now Indonesia, by exploiting divisions among small kingdoms that had
replaced Majapahit. The only thing that is not affected is the former
Portuguese colony, which remains controlled by Portugal until 1975, when
integrated into the Indonesian province named East Timor. Dutch controlled
Indonesia for nearly 350 years, except for a short period in which a fraction
of Indonesia ruled Britain after the Anglo-Dutch Java War and the Japanese
occupation during World War II. When colonized Indonesia, Dutch East Indies
Dutch developed into one of the world's richest colonial rule. 350 years of
Dutch colonial rule for some people is a myth because the newly conquered
territories Aceh later after Dutch approaching bankruptcy.
VOC
In the 17th century the Dutch East Indies and 18 are not
directly controlled by the Dutch government, but by a trading company called
the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC).
VOC was granted a monopoly on trade and colonial activities in the region by
the Dutch Parliament in 1602. Its headquarters are in Batavia, now called
Jakarta.
The main objective is to maintain the monopoly of the VOC
spice trade in the archipelago. This is done through the use and threat of
violence against the population of the islands spice, and against people of
non-Dutch residents try to trade with them. For example, when the population of
the Banda Islands continued to sell nutmeg to British merchants, the Dutch
troops were killed or deported virtually the entire population and then
populating the islands with the servants or slaves who worked on plantations
nutmeg. VOC became involved in the internal politics of Java in this period,
and fought in several battles involving leaders of Mataram and Banten.
After the VOC went bankrupt at the end of the 18th century,
and after a short British rule under Thomas Stamford Raffles, the Dutch
government took over ownership of the VOC in 1816. A rebellion was crushed in
Java in the Java War in 1825-1830. After cultivation system in 1830, known as
the Dutch culture system was implemented. In this system, the residents were
forced to plant the results of the plantation world market demand at the time,
such as tea, coffee etc.. Crop was then exported to foreign countries. This
system brings great wealth to the executive - both the Dutch and the
Indonesian. Cultivation system is a government monopoly and eliminated during a
free after 1870.
In 1901 the Dutch adopted what they called the Ethical
Policy (Dutch: Ethische Politiek), which includes greater investment in
education for indigenous people, and little political change. Under the
governor-general of J.B. van Heutsz Dutch East Indies government extend direct
colonial rule throughout the Dutch East Indies, and thus establishing the
foundation for the current state of Indonesia.
Nationalist movement
In 1905 the first nationalist movement, [Islamic Trade Unions]
formed and then followed in 1908 by the nationalist movement following [Budi
Utomo]. Holland responded that after World War I with oppressive measures.
Nationalist leaders came from a small group of young professionals and
students, some of whom have been educated in the Netherlands. Many of those
imprisoned for political activities, including Indonesia's first president,
Sukarno.
World War II
In May 1940, the beginning of World War II, the Netherlands
was occupied by Nazi Germany. Dutch East Indies declared a state of siege and
in July redirected exports for Japan to the U.S. and Britain. Negotiations with
the Japanese aimed to secure supplies of fuel the aircraft failed in June 1941,
and the Japanese started their conquest of Southeast Asia in December of that
year. In the same month, factions from Sumatra recipient of Japanese aid to
bring about a revolution against the government of the Netherlands. The last
Dutch troops defeated Japan in March 1942.
Era Japan
In July 1942, Sukarno accepted Japan's offer to hold a
public campaign and form a government that can provide answers to the needs of
the Japanese military. Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, and the Kyai decorated by the
Emperor of Japan in 1943. However, the experience of the Japanese occupation of
Indonesia varied considerably, depending on where a person lives and the social
status of the person. For those who live in areas that are considered important
in warfare, they suffered torments, involved sex slavery, arbitrary arrest and
execution, and other war crimes. The Dutch and mixed Dutch-Indonesian is a
target in the control of Japan.
In March 1945, the Japanese form of Business Investigation
Agency Preparation of Indonesian Independence (BPUPKI). At its first meeting in
May, Soepomo discuss national integration and against personal individualism;
while Muhammad Yamin suggested that the new nation also once claimed Sarawak,
Sabah, Malaya, Portuguese East, and throughout the Dutch East Indies before the
war.
On August 9, 1945 Sukarno, Hatta and Radjiman Widjodiningrat
flown to Vietnam to meet Marshal Terauchi. They reported that Japanese troops
were heading for destruction but the Japanese wanted the independence of
Indonesia on August 24.
Independence era
Hearing the news that Japan no longer has the power to make
such a decision on August 16, Sukarno read the "Proclamation" on the
next day. News of the proclamation spread by radio and fliers while the
Indonesian military forces in time of war, Homeland Defence Forces (MAP), the
youth, and others went directly to maintain the residence of Sukarno.
On August 18 1945 the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian
Independence (PPKI) inaugurated as President Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta as
Vice-President by using a constitution drawn up a few days earlier. Then set up
the Central Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) as the interim parliament
until elections can be held. This group declared a new government on August 31
and willed the Republic of Indonesia which consists of eight provinces of
Sumatra, Kalimantan (excluding the territories of Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei),
West Java, Central Java, East Java, Sulawesi, Maluku (including Papua) and Nusa
southeast.
war of independence
From 1945 to 1949, the Australian maritime union sympathetic
to business freedom, prohibits all Dutch shipping during this conflict that the
Netherlands does not have the logistical support and supplies needed to reshape
colonial rule.
Dutch attempt to return to power facing strong resistance.
After returning to Java, Dutch troops immediately retake the colonial capital
of Batavia, as a result of the nationalist makes Yogyakarta as their capital.
At December 27, 1949 (see article on December 27, 1949), after 4 years of war
and negotiation, Queen Juliana of the Netherlands transfer sovereignty to the
Federal Government of Indonesia. In 1950, Indonesia became the 60th member of
the United Nations.
Source: http://pandri-16.blogspot.com